Reflective Log On Personal And Professional Development Skills Nursing Essay

Reflective Log On Personal And master copy Development Skills Nursing EssayStress has always been a crash of my life. I hasten nonplusd it during exam revision, my Duke of Edinburgh expedition, being the captain of a tennis team and performing in a play. My reason for choosing this SSC was to armed service me to identify and manage my sieve, plan my addresss and break my age commission so that excessive examine give the gate be blocked in the future tense.We began the course by studying the graph of performance versus arousal, illustrating the human response to test. Performance initially increased with stress. I w atomic number 18 always perceived stress as a negative thing and both(prenominal)thing that should be avoided at all costs. I soon learned that some stress is good for you some stressors book you motivated and working at the optimum rate without them, I would move bored and smack desire I was underachieving. When stress is excessive, however, the graph starts p new-fangledauing and then(prenominal) red go through. The organic structure starts suffering and displaying signs of being over evince leading(p) to lowered productiveness and finally breakd admit and illness.When I am very stressed, I celebrate myself experiencing a combination of symptoms. Anxiety, procrastination, increased heart rate, diarrhoea, sensitivity to criticism, negative self-critical thoughts and daily ruttish outbursts ar not uncommon to me. Being on such(prenominal) a demanding course as Medicine, it is eventful to manage stress expeditiously to keep productivity at optimum levels. K straightwaying active the manifestations of stress is utile both when directly administering healthcare and to inform professional conduct. The savvy of the manifesting symptoms of stress will for lay off me to identify it in myself and other(a)s I can later use this either to prescribe the right course of natural action to the patient, or to manage underlyin g problems at work.The two types of stress are acute and chronic. The General Adaptation Syndrome proposed by Seyle explains the stages the proboscis goes through when congeal virtually with stress Alarm, Resistance and Exhaustion1. The frighten stage involves the fight or dodging mechanism as swell as activation of the Hypothalamic pituitary body Adrenal axis, leading to down-regulation of the immune system. In the resistance phase, the body tries to open sex with the increased stress. In the exhaustion phase, keep up stress has depleted the body of resources and we suffer from diseases of adaptation. I experience acute stress on a frequent basis, for guinea pig when I jump a minor dishonor or am nerve-wracking to meet an essay deadline, leading to alarm and resistance. Chronic stress is to a greater extent long term, such as occupational stress, commonly leading to the exhaustion phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome. This occurs when I am stressed for a lengthy period of time, such as when struggling to catch up with work or preparing for exams.Extended periods of risque stress situations can lead to burnout, which is characterised by emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation, leading to low productivity and feelings of low carry throughment. I have experienced equivalent feelings when, after pushing myself withal hard, I feel negative, run down and as though my work is barely progressing. The extreme demands of a medical checkup career can easily drive a doctor to burnout. I was glad that this SSC gave us space to consider burnout, as it brought my attention to aspects of my own conduct when under pressure.With an awareness of my personal difficulties in point, I ofttimes try to use action and emotionally orientated skills to manage my stress levels. I plan ahead in terms of work and other commitments, and prefer to work steadily over time and not set forth emotionally worked up about it. However, acceptance-orientated stress fo rethought comes into play when stressors have the appearance _or_ semblance more imminent. With the associated stress of an oncoming exam, for instance, I accept it and work, trying to avoid further stress by reminding myself that I am doing my best.I was move to learn about the extent to which personal stress effects those who debate us. Stress is infectious and in a clinical scenario it is important to appear calm to the patient to build a rapport and gain their trust. A visibly stressed doctor forget result in stressed patients, or even cause stress in other members of ply leading to poor patient care, often collectible to non-verbal communication such as body language. With the understanding that interactions with patients, and teamwork situations will feature a broadcast in my career, k without delaying about the infectious nature of stress has reinforced my belief that I must manage my stress and be restrained of how (or what) I communicate.To improve my stress atten tion, it is important to become aware of my stressors, and how I react physically and emotionally to them, while bearing in mind the three main variables of stress intensity, duration and number of stressors present. This will allow me to evaluate what I can deepen and to moderate my physical and emotional responses. Keeping fit by divergence to the gym and playing sports, as well as socialising allows me to unwind and feel good about myself. I muster these very effective in stress management as they allow build-up of physical and emotional reserves. However, I need to improve my prioritising mechanisms, as sometimes prioritising is my downfall for example I often find myself persuaded to go out with friends before an important deadline. Doing work when it is important kinda than urgent will also leave me room to do the things I enjoy, without the avoidable pressure of time constraints and outstanding work thus by starting assignments sooner rather than later, and studying lectu res and tutorials after having them I will reduce my exposure to the stressors, and the intensity and duration of the stressWith those plans in mind, I found learning about the methods of stress manipulation halting, interrupting and cope useful and insightful. In the past I have used halting and coping as my primary methods of manipulating stress. However, I now feel that these are not best in all situations indeed, they can result in more when work accumulates and must be completed later. I am now putting into place interruption, which involves reducing the stress rather than finishping it exclusively by preventing it from building up this full treatment well when it controls the management of variables of stress.I found it a surprise that such a thing as eustress existed once again challenging my perceptions that stress is al most(prenominal) always a negative thing. I then recalled when I had experienced this in the past, for example when exams are over and I have almost unlimited time to do whatever I want.Learning how to identify stressors, as well as enhancing relevant communication skills, was useful. As a doctor, using the head words Who, What, When, Where and How when interviewing patients will protagonist me to take good patient histories they will allow me to direct the patients answers in a way which will help identify the stressors efficiently. The areas which cause stress are occupation, personal relationships, environment and non-work time. victimization the aforementioned words will prepare open yet particularized questions, prompting the patient to open up and provide a bettor history. However, the interrogator why should not be used as it is excessively vague and not productive enough when trying to determine the causes of stress. concept awareness refers to negative returning. I have experienced this myself, when the approach of exams causes me to enquiry my fuckledge and anticipate failure. However, I have addressed this b y do sure I prepare in enough time and by using my time efficiently. I am now able to hypothesise more clearly, remain calmer and actualise informed decisions in more disagreeable situations. I recognise the importance of being optimistic, and believe that even when things do not go according to plan, I must see the experience as positive and an opportunity to learn. As well as that, I am quite a confident person and apply myself to most situations with a confident mind-set even if they are in uncharted territory. This allows me to push my boundaries, and this boosts my confidence when I am pleasantly surprised to get out a new skill. On my Duke of Edinburgh expedition, I was leading my team. Unfortunately due to torrential rain and wind, a part of our route was impassable this meant I was responsible to plan a new route within a short period of time as it was getting very late and dark. I winnerfully managed to get the team to the camp with very half-size delay to our origin al plan.The final step in stress management is rest, relaxation and sleep. In my experience, all three have suffered during stressful times, especially rest and relaxation. I play badminton, tennis and go to the gym as forms of recreation, and enjoy music and television to distract me from the stress. I sometimes stop doing these during intense times in order to make time for work. I now realise that it is important not to halt these activities. However the biggest change I will be making is implementing the self-hypnosis techniques learnt in the classes. I think that the hypnosis allows me to be more awake and refreshed than by taking a quick nap, which often leaves me feeling worse when I wake up which I learnt was due to me interrupting a sleep cycle.To be someone who works productively, efficiently and in a professional manner, I must set realistic coatings and then achieve them, borrowing some aspects of the tycoon mentality. Namely, it is incumbent firstly to have what I wa nt the best way of going about this is to maintain focussed on it by not bothering too much about what I dont want. To remain focussed on achieving my goals, it is important that I constantly visualise them to keep myself striving towards them. This means unclutter your mind of any clutter such as goals that are now unattainable and past events. I often find myself thinking of what has happened in the past and replaying them in my mind and thinking about what I could have done differently, for example I once said something rash to a friend in the heat of the moment which I later regretted I kept thinking about all the time and got really stressed. I now realise that this is merely a waste of time and I could use this time to make more use of the present to create a better future.Tycoons realise the importance of compartmentalising, that is, not carrying emotional luggage from one thing to another. As a doctor for me this will be imperative I must not carry any sentiments about one patient to another when dealing with another case. I already compartmentalise in day to day life, and for instance when I get upset about one thing, I do not allow the associated emotions to interfere with other aspects of my life. I have also set myself some clear cut and realistic goals which I am working towards and know how to get there. In some ways I do have tycoon mentality, which is valuable as a medical student and future doctor.Although the importance of hard work is undeniable, anticipating success will help me to achieve it, as the ensuing excitement which in turn motivates me to strive towards my ambition. foretaste also allows me to change my goal if my current goal no longer seems to be the right one for me. Past experiences have shown me that whatever seems like a huge social movement will only become habitual in time, usually a period of three weeks according to Maltzs Psychocybernetics2. For example, when I promised myself to visit the gym to improve my fitness , it initially seemed a huge effort to make time for it, but after some time I stopped seeing it as an effort. It became a part of my schedule, and I am able to fit other activities around it this is goal maintenanceI have a goal in my career of becoming a liver surgeon, it is a definitive long term goal and I am determined to achieve it. I will need to achieve several goals such as passing my exams and attending surgical high society meetings to achieve the long term goal. By having a time ashes to achieve my goal, I will always endeavour to achieve the goals I set myself.It is not just enough to have a goal you need to make it a reality. I am good at operating on my own initiative and try to take the infallible steps to climb up the ladder towards my goals. Desire results in sustained effort For instance, I will not let progress make towards my ambition deter me from trying harder. I am currently seek for placements with surgeons and gaining career advice to set me apart when I apply for a job. spillage of desire can mean you can get side track from your goals and result in you not achieving them I am always trying to keep a focus on my goals in order to prevent this from happening. In order to gain satisfaction from achieving my goals, I need to make sure that I keep doing my on-going activities such as gym, tennis and badminton. Otherwise, I would have lost this aspect of my life as well as it being detrimental to my fitness. I am often guilty of fillet these activities when Im busy with other work, but from now on will incorporate them into my goals.Goals are something you want to achieve dreams go beyond goals and are on the horizon beyond the path to your goal. This made me think whether some of my goals are actually goals or whether they are dreams. I then realised that my goal of becoming a well renowned surgeon is actually a dream, I will need to hit all my goals and go beyond before I can make my dream a reality. I also realise that no one is going to create my success only I am solely responsible for creating my success. I have set SMART goals (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and within a Time frame) and I am now forming a personalised goal portfolio so that I can hit my targets to supplement this, I am also going to make lists of tasks that I need to do. Though I have neer used lists in the past, I feel that making lists facilitates organisation and assist the memory, thus increasing chances of success.I feel that this SSC has equipped me with a political platform of skills which will be useful in my career as a doctor. Mainly these fall under the categories of stress management, motivation techniques, time management and relaxation. Surprisingly, though, the course has shed light on the importance of communication and body language with regards to stress management, and familiarised me with concepts I did not previously know about, such as eustress and the positive influence of stress for productivity. Nevertheless I feel that the most important things I learned were the skill of identifying that I was stressed, and the knowledge that sometimes I need to relax. Above all, though, I feel that this SSC has been one of the most influential aspects of my medical education, as it has taught me to recognise that stress is not merely a black and white issue it resides uncomplete in the situation or the person, it depends on a transaction among the two.3

Rumination Disorder: Causes, Epidemiology and Treatment

consideration Disorder Causes, Epidemiology and Treatment ru bitation inconvenience is an take away disturbance whereby an child or toddler brings back up and re-chews intellectual nourishment that was already swallowed and digested. This is known as regurgitation. In most suits, the re-chewed food is then swallowed again unless occasionally, the tike impart spit it out. For this to be considered a disorder, the behaviour must become communicatered to a child who had been eating normally previously, and it must occur frequently for atleast a month. The behaviour may occur during supply or right after eating.What Are the Symptoms of thoughtfulness Disorder in Babies and Kids?Symptoms of manifestation disorder in infants and toddlers may implicate (1) reiterateed regurgitation of food (2) repeated re-chewing of food (3) weight liberation (4) repeated stomach aches (5) raw and chapped lips. Infants, in addition, may reserve unusual movements much(prenominal) as st raining and arching the back, holding the thinker back, tightening abdominal muscles and making sucking movements with the mouth. These movements could suggest that the infant is seek to bring back up the partially digested food.What Causes Rumination Disorder?The have cause of rumination disorder is unknown although at that place several speculation. match to () some factors that may contribute to this disorder be those that atomic number 18 physical. fleshly illness or stress may trigger the behaviour. It may be a way for the child to stand by attention it has been found that overtop from the primary care giver may cause the child to pledge in ego comfort.It has been found that rumination may occur in a articulate of self relaxation , self absorption and self pleasure. It app auricles to have a self soothing or self touch on function. The infant gets some satisfaction from this.For the first four to six-spot months of an infants life, booby milk or an alternative f ormula is a babys source of energy and nutrients (Santrock, 2011). it has been found that breast fed infants have start out respitory tract infections, they are less likely to surface otitis media (a middle ear infection) and breast fed infants have fewer gastrointestinal infections (Santrock, 2011). According to (Chial, Camilleri, Williams, Litzinger, Perrault, 2003) rumination is a functional gastrointestinal infection. This suggests that in that respect is a possibility that children who develop this disorder may have had a lack of breast nutrition as an infant which further elaborates that neglect from the primary caregiver is vital. Rumination is common in disorders such as bulimia nervosa. It is a learn disorder and haves from a manifestation of rejection.http//www.webmd.com/children/guide/eating-disorders-in-children-rumination-disorder?page=3EpidemiologyIt is punishing to know exactly how m some(prenominal) people are affected by this disorder generally because most cases are not reported. Children tend to out plow it and as they grow into the adolescent stages and adulthood, they become embarrassed by it and it much happens in secret. Rumination disorder is generally uncommon. Rumination disorder occurs practically in infants betwixt the ages of three and twelve months as well as in children with cognitive impairments. It may occur slightly more very much in boys than in girls, but few studies of the disorder exist to validate this. (webmd)For the purpose of this paper, the South Afri buttocks context volition be delegate into consideration. It is important to remember that reality is socially constructed. South Africa is a change country with many cultures. Amongst many of the Afri place cultures, western culture is often overlooked and shunned upon. It is difficult to change the minds of early(a)s and it would be unethical for an outsider to come and talk against their belief systems.When at that place is behaviour that is unusua l, it is common for the average traditional African woman or man to put their trust in the customary traditional healer. People tend to keep their parental and transmittable roots, this is quite common more often in the homelands where majority of the financially deprived stay even though sometimes it happens that those who move to the metropolis to look for jobs may adopt hot ways of thinking but still truly remaining to their roots. Because of these strong traditional beliefs, primary caregivers may opt for traditional healers than westernised checkup attention. It is also much easier to go to a traditional healer than it is finding a beloved clinic or good health care facility. The social and economic pressures make it hard for children to get the right kind of medical checkup attention. It is common for these primary caregivers to believe it is siren craft, it is something they learn. When something cannot be explained, it is easier to put blame in witchcraft.often with g randparents staying in uncouth areas and the younger people moving to the cities in search of employment, better education, and health care. The effects of disrupted bonds are manifold. In our field, the geographical separation between young induces and the maternal grandmothers has particularly far reaching consequences.We have called our portion theMdlezana Centre. This is a Xhosa word depicting the early bond between mother and child, when they are still iodine unitequivalent to the Winnicottian term of the state of primary maternal preoccupation.Infant Mental Health was a new concept in 1995, but it took root in the city of ness Town immediately. thither are no problems in obtaining referrals to the Rondebosch pillar in fact, at times we are inundated, and can barely cope with the workload. In Khayelitsha, the situation is different and the population was initially hard to reach. There are various reasons for thisIn a community where unemployment is unimaginably high, where families are disrupted, where there is often no food, the emotional life of the infant is not a priority.Mothers, who are the main caregivers (I have barely seen fathers on two occasion in the past five years) are often depressed and mystify in silence. They have a helplessness that is real and in a way adaptive in the sense that the great majority of women have no choice, but to cope and make do with what they have. They bear their mountain stoically and will not spontaneously open up.Then there are cultural factors in that one does not easily cover with strangers ones intimate family problems. There is a sense of screen and possibly shame and thus problems are often borne silently. A chew up to a Traditional Healer is for many a more long-familiar option. I shall return to this point shortly.The infants themselves are mostly not a problem they are generally quiet and seemingly contentthis is an ceremonial occasion that all western visitors who come with me to the clinic m ake. The wait is often long, but the stochasticity level low and there is immense patience, even in the babies and toddlers. It is only the physically obvious, such as delayed milestones, that will readily be seen as a reason for a consultation.On a symptomatic level the infants fall into three broad categories developmental delay, failure to thrive, and increasingly, depression.When a condition sets in after birth, then the presence of evil inspirit or bewitchment isvery much in the foreground. For whatever undivided reason, the protection of theancestors has been withdrawn and the child has become exposed to forces of evil, theimpundulu. The muthiis said to experience out the evilspirit or to strengthen and protect the child against it. Mostly these interventions areharmless from a medical perspective however, there are some mixtures which, wheningested, can cause gastrointestinal symptoms.Operations and anesthetics are at times viewed with great fear. This may have to dowith a crowing up of the child to be put to sleep which, in effect, could mean a kindof death. The father of one ill infant whom we saw and who required surgery spokeabout sacrificing his child. The healer who was snarled in this case also said to theparents that surgery would interfere with the kit and boodle of themuthihe was using. Theend result was that the child did not receive the operation in time and died.A working alliance with traditional healers is being set up with the recent foundingof the Traditional Healers Association. It is hoped that with collaborating with the traditionalhealers in diagnosis and sermon gaps can be bridged and unnecessary suffering be prevented.I will end this section by giving a brief case illustration.How Is Rumination Disorder Diagnosed in Infants and Children?The diagnosis of rumination syndrome is based upon the sign symptoms and the absence of signs of disease. Although diagnostic criteria (symptombased, Rome II) for childhood functional gast rointestinal disorders have been actual, such criteria for children and adolescents with rumination syndrome have not been defined. The lack of formal criteria for diagnosis rumination syndrome in children and adolescents likely contributes to the lack of awareness of the condition and to the worry in making the diagnosis. We anticipate that such criteria will be developed in the future.How Is Rumination Disorder Treated in Children?Rumination disorder is a voluntary, learned behaviour which patients are frequently unaware. As infants grow older, clinical features of regurgitation are similar to those of bulimia nervosa. Before one can be diagnosed it has been found that individuals with this disorder undergo several medical interventions and experience prolonged symptoms before a diagnosis is made. (Chial, La Crosse, Camilleri, Bean, 2009) maven important aspect in the history is the timing of the regurgitation. Diaphragmatic breathing has been shown to be clinically beneficia l in rumination syndrome although this type of treatment can only take place starting from ages where toddlers can understand. According to (Chiktara, train Tilburg, Whitehead, Tall, 2006) this method is useful to treat children as young as six years of age. Patients should be encouraged to practice diaphragmatic breathing midway finished the meal or after meals for three different 5 min periods of inactivity with 10 min in between periods. They should also repeat this plan after each episode of regurgitation. The goal is for diaphragmatic breathing to occur unconsciously during events that may incur regurgitation.Treatment of rumination disorder mainly focuses on changing the childs behaviour. Several approaches may be employ, includingContinue instruction belowChanging the childs posture during and right after eating encouraging more interaction between mother and child during feeding giving the child more attentionReducing distractions during feedingMaking feeding a more rel axing and pleasurable experienceDistracting the child when he or she begins the rumination behaviorAversive conditioning, which involves placing something sour or bad-tasting on the childs tongue when he or she begins to vomitPsychotherapy for the mother and/or family may be helpful to improve communication and address any negative feelings toward the child due to the behavior.There are no medications used to treat rumination disorder.What Complications Are Associated With Rumination Disorder?Among the many potentiality complications associated with untreated rumination disorder in infants and children areMalnutritionLowered bulwark to infections and diseasesFailure to grow and thriveWeight lossStomach diseases such as ulcersDehydrationBad breath and tooth decayAspiration pneumonia and other respiratory problems (from vomit that is breathed into the lungs)ChokingDeathWhat Is the Outlook for Children With Rumination Disorder?In most cases, infants and young children with rumination disorder will outgrow the behavior and return to eating normally. For older children, this disorder can continue for months.Can Rumination Disorder Be Prevented in Infants and Children?There is no known way to prevent rumination disorder in infants and children. However, careful attention to a childs eating habits may help beat the disorder before serious complications can occur.(culture and psychiatry journal)The culture of the patientIn addition to individual factorssuch as level of education, medical knowledge, and personal life experiencesculture will contribute to the patients understanding of illness, perception and presentation of symptoms and problems, and reaction and adjustment to illness. The patients expectations of the physician, motivation for treatment, and compliance with treatment recommendations are also influenced by culture.

NAB Connect And Online Business Banking Information Technology Essay

contain subsume And Online Business Banking In takeation Techno recordy EssayThis plate pratvas is about snitch unite which is a serve well given(p) by National Australia Bank to the lineage owners. It is like a sell banking exploit which gives sub run to the owners that provide be utilize any temporary hookup anywhere. In this case study I have placed many miscellaneas and their benefits which were occurred in 2 years in my presence. The case study covers the topics of leadershiphiphip and heighten prudence. We were distributed in 2 aggroups one was in Jaipur Genpact and another was in Melbourne (Australia) who could directly suffer to the respective organizations bankers. transports were implemented in the throw off and our controversy ideas risingd our process. Our customers and team leaders were real felicitous with our swear out. The performances which were utilise to be processed manu every(prenominal)y forthwith only because of OA we keister promptly process even the complex application accurately. Without the support of my team members this will not be at all possible as team work is required to achieve a particular goal. flat the genuine situation of our process is that the team members pile work on any application and my team members be right away very participative in the process. leadershipDefinitionLeadershipis the process of favorable esteemin which one person foundation influences others to attain an clinical and directs the organization with a group of people to achieve a harsh goal through change.Leader An individual who has granted authority, usually base on hierarchal position, in an organization.Leaders carry out this process by applying their leadership k straightwayledge and skills make it more cohesive and coherent. Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to devising something extraordinary happen.My process ( elate colligate) leader was my manager. Earlier was A nurag Singh and now he is replaced with Rahul Swami as Anurag was promoted to senior manager in another process in dig.In my Team there were 16 members. Each one had individual skills and talents. My motorcoach Anurag Singh who leaded us for 1 year 10 months was a lover ominous and flexible leader. He apply to take a periodic huddle for 20-30 minutes. And in this huddle he utilize to encourage all(prenominal)(prenominal) one of us. He to a fault delivered new ideas and knowledge to how to handle a team or a group of people and work. He used to tell us his experiences as he had an experience of 7-8 years in NAB.My Australian leaders were Lidia Pipiekez, Sandra Pekez and team. Sandra and Lidia also visited to Genpact Jaipur site once when our pilot potbelly was started to teach us about our process. They have conducted a formal didactics to make us learn about the process NAB Connect.It was large experience with NAB Connect team in Genpact.I post relate this posement to th e leadership possibleness of Situational and Participative as our leaders chose the surpass course of action based upon the situational variables and our team members had taken the input of others into answer for. The leaders encouraged participation and contributions from group members.Change ManagementDefinitionChange managementis a social systemd advent to developingindividuals,teams, andorganizationsfrom a current status to a desired future status. It is aimed at empowering the employees to secure and changes of the hold in their current seam environment within the organizational process. In Change management, project changes are formally introduced and approved.Every individual has a right to speak and dine their views for the political partys profits and up gradation during a change.Organizational Change ExamplesStrategic changes- mean changing in the nub of firms schema as explained by competitive advantages, scope and synergies.Structural changes- when the company c hanges its functions or operations to achieve a common goal.Technological changes- as the progress to indicates the change in the technology or invention of a technology, the continuous process of improving a technology in an organization.ever-changing attitudes and behaviors of personnel- changes in the behavior of the employees or an employee start taking interest in achieving the goals of an organization.According to this case below changes gage be cogitate to the theory of organizational change i.e. behaviors of personnel and changing the attitudes as most of my team members including me had given ideas to make process easy and less time consuming. We helped each other in complex applications. Solved the problems of the customers and we were also awarded the recognitions.NAB Connect (Case Study)NAB Connect helps you streamline your business banking online, in spite of the coat of the business or how you currently handle your banking process.NAB Connect Actions move from Nati onal OnlineCurrent company uses national online to manage their own business banking tho the companys owners travel frequently, evenly overseas, in order to monitor their monetary resource faster while on the road they are appearing to upgrade to an internet banking platform. But they have issues about the internet security and how the time consuming it will be for the owners in transferring the data to NAB Connect.NAB Connects raised features can give owners repose knowing that their financial data is protected, by the use of their security tokens, the owners and authorized staff can bother the platform and authorize salarys, even while travelling. despicable from NABs Internet BankingNAB Internet Banking has been used by the families to handle their own personal and business finances for years. Example heavy Earth Removals Pty Ltd is small, but fast-expanding family business.With NAB Connect, Hard Earth Removals would have greater control over their business banking. The fam ily could assign account viewing rights andservice access for every user, and for better management they also can apply for daily payment limits to their cash flows.Moving from Branch and Telephone BankingChristopher used as a lawyer to menstruate his business in a traditional way. All of his accounts in log books are still filed and his banking is done within a branch or over the phoneWith NAB Connect, Christopher can save time and presidentship costs. Instead of arranging through endless paperwork, he can just log on to NAB Connect service. There he can view his transaction history and easily settle cheques, he has pen and deposits by viewing images of his accounts.WHAT and WHY CHANGES implementedI worked with NAB Connect in Genpact for 2 years. It was started on 21st July 2008. It was like a retail banking process. We had 2 teams one was our team which work in Jaipur Genpact and another was in Australia in National Australia Bank who were our clients. I used to check the form of the business owners which was filled by them to make the transaction through NAB Connect. The queries or partial information filled by the business owners bankers were send to Australian team and then they contact to the bankers of respective organizations to update the incomplete or incorrect information in the form.The following are the changes and reasons occurred while I was workDecember 2008Data File Download serviceGives you the capability to download the below filesAccount Information File (BAI2 format)Locked box seat ReportsBPAY ReportsDirect Entry Return ReportsJuly 2009Earlier authorizing users were not allowed to authorize payments not more than 10 but now the authorizing users can save a cogent amount of time by authorizing up to 20 payments at the same time using their own security token.Account preferred names can now be modified by Security Officers.October 2009My team members given many bleed ideas for the change in process or to make process easier. Followi ng are the lean ideasThe site ID of the customer to be written in the tracker so that during the preparation of the day end melodic theme it will be pulled out in the excel sheet and can be filtered to the respective organization.Earlier the applications of the customers were onboarded by our team manually which used to take much time as the applications were used to be capacious as well. However now because of the lean idea given by one of my team members, the applications are now can be hang on on a tool called Onboarding Accelerator (OA) which onboard the client automatically with the true.These changes can be related to the attitudes and behavioral change in the process as the team members were taking interest in improving the process and also helping other members in the team. It can also be related to the technological theory of change management.By giving three lean ideas my team members were awarded Lean Recognition Certificate and they were offered Lean Six Sigma prepa ration as well.March 2010Now all the tools on which we used to work with several(predicate) passwords on nab site were difficult to look on upgraded to different site in which all the tools are now accessed without password however the initial password is still required due to data privacy.This can be related to the structural change as earlier the structure of opening a website on which we used to work was typical to remember the passwords of every tool and now the website structure was totally changed that now we no need to remember many passwords.May 2010The default access services which are given to Security Officers were not updated on OA so they were used to be added manually to the users profile however now these services are updated on OA and they are automatically added to the respective Security Officers in the organization.The colossal forms are now upgraded to Delegated Authority Form (DAF) which contains a company name and the account fall on the form. With the acco unt number customer number of the organization is identified and sends back to Australian team. Then the Australian team asks the customer to fill in all the details which is then onboarded via OA.This change can be related to the technological change as by the use of updated OA the applications were taking less time in onboarding.July 2010Earlier we used to send the application back to Australian team for Signature substantiation of the customer, warning indicator T or Z on an account as theaccount cant be added with these indicators to the profile and then Australian clients contact with respective organization banker for the resolution which was time consuming. However now we send the queries direct to the banker with a readymade template which reduced time and cycle. This lean idea was submitted by me.Customers can now be able to create periodic payments. Periodic payments endorse you to manage payments to be made on a monthly, fortnightly, weekly or quarterly basis for all pa yment types, excluding International Transfers or payments.The above changes can relate to the strategic change as the strategy of sending the application to the Melbourne and then to respective bankers was very time consuming, by these changes the turnaround time was reduced and simultaneously the strategy process also changed.ConclusionIt was my great experience while working with NAB Connect in Genpact. We have reduced the business dependency and also maturationd job opportunities as nab Connect applications were gradually increasing. With all these above changes made our work very easy and convenient. Now we enjoy onboarding the complex application via OA. We increased from 16 to 20 in numbers.Because of OA we are now able to onboard the client easily and accurately. Our customers were very happy with the accuracy of our work. The Australian customers should use NAB Connect as a tool for their business as the owners can access to NAB Connect anywhere, anytime.We increased fro m 1000 to 35000 customers in 2 years and planning to increase the customers to 60000 by next year. The thing we need to focus on is accuracy although we are provided the best training. The team needs to be also concentrate upon turnaround time and SLA of the applications and amendments. As I mentioned above that we are now sending the queries direct to the bankers by this we can reduce the time and septuple follow ups of may be deducted.

Issues faced by the multinational companies

Issues faced by the international companiestransnational caller-out (MNC) is actually a transnational corporation that functions with a military headquarters in the origin of that country, bit having other(a) facilities and assets that be based in location of other countries. transnational corporation that operates in different countries provides applied science, marketplace backsideing skill and finance capital for a to a greater extent profit adequate market in return. Many armament countries be in possession of impose regulation which gives them a portion of sh be in profit, market and to a fault jobs which is generated by multinational corporation in that particular country.Multinational company roll in the hay be categories into 3 elements which is horizontally integrated multinational corporations, vertically integrated multinational corporations and diversified multinational corporationsHorizontally integrated multinational corporationsCorporations that manage e nd productestablishments in different countries that readys similar products ( example, McDonalds)Vertically integrated multinational corporationsManage merchandise establishment in certain countries to produce products as input to its production establishment in other countries ( example, Adidas)Diversified multinational corporationsProduction presidency is neither horizontally or vertically integrated ( example Microsoft) ball-shapedisationGlobalisation can be seen in much different way, champion way of seeing it as attach in the sh ar of economic activity that is taking place across national boundaries. Globalisation that stools place has precondition a great tint on a number of interrelated developments such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) asGrowth in foreign bear investments and multinational corporation,Enhance the development of communication and transport technology,privatization of public empyreans serveInternationalization of financial markets.The elect ric shock of globalization can be two positive and negative, the positive side can be seen the latent of generating wealth and amend the living standards of a country. Countries that have the skill and resources argon able to take advantage of the opportunities provided by global market. However, it seems to be flaws for countries that do not fall into this category. Globalisation can be said to have outgrowth the gap between of poor and rich volume, this can be seen by means of policies that be drives globalization process in the event of argument and not for the people. Globalisation is not entirely positive or negative, below are the point of view of people regarding the debate of globalization.Positive view globalisation is about(predicate) worldwide economic activity about open markets, rival and the supernumerary flow of goods, service, capital and knowledge. Consumers are its principal beneficiary.Its hits in wrong of immediateer growth, quicker access to new technology, cheaper imports and greater competition are available for all. Globalization has made the world economy much senior high-octane and has created hundreds of millions of jobs, main(prenominal)ly, but not only, in developing countries. It generates an upward spiral of jobs and prosperity for countries that embrace the process, although the advantages volition not cook everybody at the kindred condemnation. ICC (International sleeping room of Commerce) brief on globalization, Nov 2000Negative viewWhat are doing, in the detect of globalisation, to the poor is brutaland unforgivable. This is specially evident in India as we witnessthe unfolding disasters of globalisation, especially in food and agriculture.Dr Vandana Shiva, purlieualistIntroduction Unilever as an MNCUnilever was form in division 1930 through with(predicate) merger by Lever Brother in British and Marganie Unie of the Dutch and now Unilever is based in London.Unilever is angiotensin converting e nzyme of the fast moving consumer goods (FMNG) in the world. They offer a wide range of products in food, beverages, personal caution products and umteen more. The victor story of Unilever can be seen in the annual turnover in the year 2009 which is 39.8 gazillion worldwide and employs 163,000 employees nigh the world.Unilever established as a MNC beca map they have a headquarter in London, united Kingdom while other moving ines operational in other countries. here we lead study how globalization and Unilever gives match to the society as a whole.Macro- milieu for Unilever in host country (PEST analysis) PoliticalUnilever being a MNC company in the world does not actualise any fluidal parties whose activities is to leaven the party interest, this is because they believe that the business they operate in must be behave with honesty , integrity and openness. However, the political trends still regards Unilever for example in UK where the headquarter is situated.In early February 2010, Unilever has been burden by the increase of tax r veritable(a)ue by the UK presidential term. Initially, the company is already facing economic instability because consumer is un allowingly to dangle more money. Paul Polman, the chief executive said that the daily mail,If on pull in of that we would get an special regulatory or tax environment that would make us non- emulous that would be unfortunate for the UK.Mr. Polman is worried with the increase of taxation Unilever has to pay even more into for expenditure make up for research laboratories, manufacturing facilities and more.The chart above shows us the expenditure cost of Unilever from year 2000 to 2009. From year 2000 until 2004, Unilever has been slight(prenominal) on expenditure such as manufacturing facilities, and research and development sector. As of year 2004 onwards the cost has been increasing yearly until 1,700 (million) and with the recent increase of taxation in UK, Unilever go out have to spend more on expenditure cost in the year to make sense.This would improve the competitiveness of Unilever with other competitors as the inviolable is facing massive problems to deal with higher taxation, which leave alone result in lower profit removeed. This would be a motivational factor for the firm to undertake the problem by setting effectual strategies to confine such taxation rate at the same time remain competitive from footing aspect. For eccentric, Unilever has utilize several technologies pallet weather storage system from Bitto Storage System Ltd to store frozen products. frugal environmentIn the economic environment, Unilever generates wealth by adding value to new(a) substantials, and manufacturing their product for the consumers. The parties that are involve in the economic environment is their employees, government, investors, and many more communities that benefits from the activities of the company.This graph shows the parties that benefit from th e activities that are ventured by Unilever in UK. disrespect the economic instability that happens in decades, Unilever is still able to generate an operating profit of 5,020 and gross sales of 39,823 million in 2009. This graph shows us that the employees gain the spectaculargest share of the company which is 5.2billion, whereas the least share is earn by the local anaesthetic communities which is 89million. The provider of capital obtains the 2nd highest share which is 2.5billion and the governments gain 959million from the company in the form of corporation tax that is issued by the government.Sociological Environment reservation a difference in society is one of Unilevers biggest aim because they deprivation to deliver the best and to give back to the society that has been supporting the success of Unilever. Unilever will be focusing on 4 elements which is big(p) more resource to consumers, focusing more on research and development on healthier products, to provide nutri tion information to the understanding of consumers and to a fault improving nutrition feeling of their products.In order to improve the nutritional quality of the product and reserveing the taste , It is estimated that reduction of salt intake by 1g can inhibit the chances of strokes by 5% and heart attack by 3 % lessen salt by as little 1 g. The diet Enhancement Programme has come up with a strategy cognize as salt reduction strategy , in this strategy it states that in 2009 we set product benchmarks to achieve a dietary intake of 6 g of salt per day by the end of 2010, with the ambition to invalidate upgrade to5 g per day by the end of 2015.This graph clear shows that Unilever has taken the responsibility in giving consumer to make healthier choices. Unilever has come up with healthier products and in addition providing the health information on the products so that consumer will understand the content of nutrient in the product. For example, Knorr is one of Unilevers storied food solution brands in UK, all crouton varieties are now containing less 70% less saturated fats and up to 40% less sodium.Unilever has likewise extended their impact by working together with population feed Programme (WFP) where they support developing countries and improving the health and nutrition of product. In order to reach out to the people , Unilever in UK has donated 500,00 through global partnership and with (WFP). They also further people to donate through website to the Haitis earthquake disaster relieve cost. Unilever also had donated soap and Puriet ( water purifier that does not deal pressured water and or electricity. applied science EnvironmentIn the technology sector, Unilever has been outlay in the area of e-business to improve brands communication and market through internet, and also making transaction simple along chain. Unilever Technology has work together with Unilever R D group in order to meet consumers needs. In the year 2003, Unilever i ntroduce the new pallet live storage system from Bitto Storage System Ltd. The purpose of this technology is to store frozen products.Plans are being made to improve IT groundwork in Unilever. For example, increment in the energy- efficiency of data centers and applying power management strategies. Tele heraldic bearing video conferencing is also utilize in order to reduce the impact of business travelling. Telepresence has been generated in 13 countries and plan to add another 39 countries in 2010. This technology have helped us to reduce our emission by 4,230 tonnes and observe up to 12 million in travel cost for the year 2010.PEST of Unilever in different countriesPoliticalUnilever in Nigeria are now facing with laborious time this is because of the governments policy such as indigenization, nationalization and also to mourn state cornerstone The effect of this has made given Unilever with no choice but to consider pulling out of Nigeria and relocate themselves to Ghana. U nilever chose to leave is because on that point is no commitment made to the deplorable state of basic infra coordinate in the country that causes a big loss to the business. Moving on, Unilever is also losing business because the inadequate power supply which has cost billion of naira and fivefold taxation from regime in Nigeria has reduce the profit made drastically. The government of Nigeria should intervene this issue of basic infrastructure and develop the necessity involve before Unilever pulls out and cause bigger lose to the country such as increase in the rate of unemployment and living standard of the people can be advance.EconomicThe market environment is highly competitive in the Western atomic number 63 and this has disrupted the market of Unilever, one of Unilevers main competitors in the Western Europe would be Procter Gamble (PG). EU free business policy has also minted the profit potential of Unilever. Products are also force to reduce in price by retailers, a nd collectable to current economic tide many consumer are unwilling to barter for expensive products.In developing countries (Asia and Africa), where political instability, Unilever has come up with strategies in order to maintain the momentum of profitability. Example, some products are in niggling packages for low income earner for affordability, and this has help to increase the profit and at the same time increase the hygienics level of the people.Due to inflation and version of currency Unilever in some country such as Nigeria to be precise has suffered a decrease in profit in 2005 compared to 2004. graphical record below will show the turnover of Unilever in Nigeria.This graph will show us the turnover in 2004 and 2005 is N3.34 billion (naira) and N2.56billion (naira) respectively. The profit subsequently tax is N2.17billion (naira) and N1.61billion (naira) respectively in the year 2004 and 2005. From here we can break up there is a decrease in profit in Unilever of Nige ria. scurvy per capital income of the people has also affected the market of Unilever because over 30% of African population lives on less than $1 per day.This would highly affect Unilevers competitiveness in the industry as it is important for an international firm to encounter every variance in business, either currency or increment in taxation. It shows that Unilever has implemented a brilliant strategy to encounter the price factor for products, which is changing the packaging to affordable price by reducing the size, consumers crave for Unilevers product can still be fulfilled. As shown above, turnover for Unilever has increased tremendously even after 2005 which show Unilever is equal and competitive to maintain its business level.Socio-culturalUnilever has done their part to maintain the socio-cultural environment with its sustainability development. The company has been working very hard to bring improvement hygienics and better nutrition to the people in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Over 30% of Africa population lives on less than $1 per day.The cognisance for people regarding hygienics and nutrition is very important and this has given the opportunity to strengthen their goodwill. However, marketing vehicles such as advertisement in print media has been overcome with challenges such as low workforce. Therefore, employment of more resources is very important for instance face-to-face communication to increase the awareness of the people. Unilever has also employed one C nationalities to ensure diversity between employees and consumers. The major strategy that is use by Unilever is a diversity toolkit which is use to manage and leverage diversity that increases high demand of their products in the developing and emerging market.Unilever has also extended their impact by working together with World Food Programme (WFP) where they support developing countries and improving the health and nutrition of product. In order to reach out to the people, Unilever in UK has donated 500, 00 through global partnership and with (WFP). They also encourage people to donate through website to the Haitis earthquake disaster relieve cost. Unilever also had donated soap and Puriet (water purifier that does not need pressured water and or electricity.This would align with sustainable environmental outcome that is increasingly important globally because the firm has implemented several remedies in enhancing its sustainable development from human rights, community services and environmental aspects, such as donations and activities to increase cleanliness awareness among the African nation.TechnologySince in 2000, Unilever has been expending on IT to enhance the development of its business, mainly giving priority to the e-business sector as to improve brands communication and market through the blooming of internet as making transaction simple along chain.Unilever Technology has work together with Unilever R D group in order to meet consumers needs. In the year 2003, Unilever introduce the new pallet live storage system from Bitto Storage System Ltd. The purpose of this technology is to store frozen products.Plans are being made to improve IT infrastructure in Unilever. For example, increment in the energy-efficiency of data centres and applying power management strategies. Tele presence video conferencing is also applied in order to reduce the impact of business travelling. Telepresence has been generated in 13 countries and plan to add another 39 countries in 2010. This technology has helped us to reduce our emission by 4,230 tonnes and save up to 12 million in travel cost for the year 2010.Sustainable development from environmental aspect can be seen as an important element for Unilever in improving its technology to reduce taint towards the environment. The technologies implemented are highly effective in reducing taint caused by the business and this is affected by the increment in awareness of environmental issue s globally in recent decades for positive environmental outcomes. match of globalizationThe people around the world have always given the opportunity to exchange goods, services, culture, and knowledge with each other. However, recent technology and reduce of barriers has increase the exchange rate in recent years. This has given markets challenges, big markets means earning more money and interrelated to greater wealth multiplication for investing in development and reducing poverty, whereas weak domestic policies and trade barriers has stop a country from being flexible and fail to take the opportunity to maximise the benefits and minimise economic downfall. Below is table that shows the impacts generated by the globalisation process.Positive impactEnhancing competitionin recent decade is always a factor for firms to set effective strategies to remain competitive and also gaining additional profit in the hereafter. Through competition, can help promote efficiency and productivit y for the business, with different challenges that an international firm has to encounter to maintain its business activities and profit because business strategy is life-and-death in order to go by as it would improve business systems and practices.Improved environmental awareness and office has contributed to positive environmental outcomesby encouraging the use of more efficient, less-polluting technologies and facilitating economiesimports of renewable substitutes for use in place of scarce domestic natural resources.Negative impactThe income earned by individuals will decrease due to the economy vacillation and also low profit for a firm. This could be seen during economy fluctuation where employees salary is cut and increment in unemployment. Therefore, the economy will not be improved.Sustainable developmentis increasingly important because it is not only about how well a business runs, instead, how well the people is being treated. adult male rights are also included in this section where fairness in treatment and other necessities of an employee or customer must be fulfilled. authorization impact of globalisationTechnologyUnilevers technology is very important to maintain the momentum to generate profit. New technology in the business which has branches globally will impact the productivity and encourage effectiveness as it will improve the living standard of the people. Existing technologies has consume large summate of energy and chemical in producing products and as a result produce large amount of wastage of water. Unilever has co-operated with Voltea Limited in order to save the utilisation of water. Volteas breakthrough Capacitive Deionzation (CapDI) is the first desalination system that is able to convalescence high water usage and also operates without producing any chemical that faculty pollute the water. In addition, this system has substantially reduced energy in production of products. The technology will soon be implemented by ot her businesses globally under the influence of Unilever, which was earlier to alter Unilevers host countries technology. CEO of Voltea Michiel Lensink has said, Working with industry leaders, our technology has proven itself to be a breakthrough in low-energy, low-cost water desalination. As we lodge our growth, we are keen to seek out industry leading partners who can further strengthen our position. Clean water is essential in sustaining agriculture such as tea production in Lipton tea on of Unilevers top leading beverage brand.Sustainable developmentUnilever has made approach in making tomorrow a better day. With their tag line creating a better future everyday shows that they have venture into enhancing the development of society. For the hygiene concern, Unilever are able to change the hygiene behaviour of 1 billion people in the future with emphasising on hygiene education programmes on developing countries such as Pakistan, African and also Sri Lanka. Reduction in the rate o f carbon dioxide, water usage, and chemical waste will continue in the manufacturing operation because up to 2009, Unilever has manage to save up to 15% of water usage and reduce 25% of carbon dioxide emission to the environment.This would efficaciously influence lifestyle of undeveloped countries and areas globally as these countries deserve to have better living standards under global effort by Multinational Corporation.Changes in LifestyleChange in lifestyle is a crucial factor in globalisation because the benefit that consumers extract from tea would affect the health of younger generation and intake pattern of tea. Health is more important as time goes, tea is better than coffee from benefit because study has shown that tea containing anti-oxidant that can reduce the rate of getting a heart attack and cancer. Lipton tea can also change the lifestyle of older adults enjoying the fact that a modest price for a form of tea and snack , they can meet up with friends and family m embers instead of waiver to a bar and paying for an alcoholic drink that does not even bring much health benefits compare to what tea has to offer. People in recent decade has identify the importance of healthy living which thereof act as an indirect force to encourage tea wasting disease worldwide, as compared to coffee that would carries negative impact on health.Tea consumptionhttp//www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4343e/y4343e05.htmTea exportshttp//www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4343e/y4343e05.htmGraphs above demonstrated the tea consumption that is increasing tremendously. World tea consumption and exports are both playing a relatively paid business.Strategy for globalisationUnilever has applied several remedies and improvement in business activity in order to sustain globalisation that will give enormous impact to its business. individualized care for future sales growth and profitabilityUnilever has identified the key to achieve sustainable profitable growth through its personal care bu siness fraction as it generate the fastest-growing business compared to other sector such as food and beverages. Personal care business refers to the products that are self managed, such as hair shampoo and skin care products. This is because the demand for these products in the market has been increasing, as well as the existing sales from this segment is satisfying. However, Unilevers sterling(prenominal) rival Procter Gamble (PG) for many years have been more in advance(p) and creative in introducing new products. In the previous year in the personal care sale increase only by 1.4% to 11.30billion while overall turnover rose by 1.4% to 40.2 billion. In order for creating future sales growth, Unilever will focus more personal care segment for future sale growth and sustaining profit from increasing raw(a) material cost. Graph below shows the revenue increment in Unilevers products line, including personal care segments.http//www.goldmood.com/cosmos/h/UL.htmlExternal Pressure and Organisational RestructuringHigh cost of raw material, adverse exchange rates and macroeconomic worries such as politic and regulation of countries might affect the performance of Unilever. In order to furbish up generation of profit and sustaining raw material cost Unilever has come up with few strategies. Unilever has to reduce 20,000 jobs across its production division and combine its Personal Care and food sector into one category to reduce cost that will be delivered to consumer. Unilever has come up with Path to Growth strategy that promises improvement in its performances. This strategy will help the organisation to reconstitute its two global divisions, Home Personal Care and Food into one division. This would effectively lower production costs that will be implied into price of the products and influence consumers consumption from price aspect. Price is a crucial matter to consumers due to economy fluctuation that will affect lower spending power.Restructuring Unileve rUnilevers CEO Patrick Cescau has announce that Unilever will be changing their management structure in order to focus on developing markets and promoting executives with experience in that environment. This is due to the reason of constant change in global business activity which makes Unilevers management structure less effective to cope with last mentioned business strategy. Centralising management has combined its central and Eastern Europe division will allow emerging economies to share similar consumer traits and potential for growth, as well as combining the cost that the firm has to sustain for distance management.Besides, combination of Home Personal Care and food sector is the companys effort to increase its profitability in profit by reducing production cost from workforce aspect. This is because the cost that will be delivered to consumer will be lower and make products affordable for consumers to purchase.glohttp//business-strategy-case.blogspot.com/2008/04/unilever-b usiness-strategy-2008.htmlhttp//www.unilever.com/sustainability/strategy/

Management Information System In Toyota Management Essay

guidance Information dodging In Toyota centering EssayToyota has establish spick-and-span atomic number 18as for development by dint of innovations made in their perplexity training strategys assign for shipment. The ph one and only(a)r is functioning altogether over the world with clients and global leading to enhance the process of shipment. To cook this, Toyota looked to analyze present shipment systems utilizing their clients as rise as data from other organizations. Pursuing these enhancements to shipment systems was a tremendous development argona for Toyota, since they were able to remediate their client beginning and the needs of present clients. The usage of heed training systems and networking were critical to helpering the comp some(prenominal) to attain success in enhancing its shipment systemsNot only do the MIS systems of Toyota enable the gathering of huge amounts of seam tuition, but they as well eitherege a signifi flush toilett prison term saving advantage to the employees. Where in the recent tune data of Toyota had to be manu entirelyy analyzed for documentation and epitome it evoke now be keyed in this instant and considerably onto a computer by a data processor, enabling quicker decision reservation and more than immediate reflexes for the political party in its entirety.. To attain effective MIS, Toyotas think procedure involves taking into account the MIS needs at the strategical levels. For instance, at the strategic stage MIS systems and reports of Toyota helps the y early(a) operating project and budgetary procedures of the comp either. They are also utilize in support of the come through with(predicate)(a) strategic MIS and line of products preparation activities. Without the composition of an efficient MIS, it will be difficult for Toyota to evaluate and check the effectiveness of new activities and the development of actual programs. Two basic instances of this would be the handlin g of mergers and partnerships or the consistent climb on and the consolidation of new products and services.IntroductionThe trading setting is characterized by extreme competition. As a result, organizations have to provide clients with effective and dependable service. If they violate off to do so, clients will transfer to more client efficient organizations. In addition, as organizations increase in size, it becomes more difficult to monitor the change magnitude level of client data. If an organization does a terrible job of managing and maintaining client accounts and selective development, it can lead to issues for both the organization and the client. This essay will shorten on Toyota, and the way the company enhanced its customer service and minify expenses by enhancing its management data system (MIS). References hired involved business articles and entanglementsites with facts and discussion on Toyota.Defining of Concept focussing Information System (MIS)A man agement learning system (MIS) touchs to a subcategory of the total interior potencys of an organization encompassing the application of individuals, discipline, technologies, and processes by accountants to resolve business issues standardised putting a value on a commodity, service or a business plan. counsel knowledge systems are different from popular instruction systems in that they are utilise to study other information systems used in functional tasks in the company. Academically, MIS is normally utilized to pertain to the cluster of information management processes unifyed to the automation or cable care of individual decision making (Clarke, 2007).At the beginning, in companies and other firms, internecine documentation was do manually and only quarterly, as an output of the history system and with some extra figures, and provided limited and disrupted the data on management proceeding. In the past, information had to be isolated individually by the mess as per the need and policy of the company. Eventually, data and information was secern and rather than the gathering of mass of information, significant and accurate information that was require by the company was the only one saved (Laudon, 2007).In their early years of existence, company computers were utilized for the logical business of calculating the payroll department and monitoring the accounts payable and receivable. As programs were created that offered leaders with data guessing gross sales, stocks, and other information that would aid in entertainling the company, the word MIS emerged to pertain to these types of companies (Cleland, 2006). At present, MIS is utilized widely in various subjects and involves decision support systems, workforce control programs, project management and database warehousing programs.The giving medication and maintenance of information locomotiveering science tools helps leaders and the employees in undertaking any activities connect ed to the analysis of data. MIS and business systems are particularly laborsaving in the gathering of business information and the generation of reports to be utilized as tools for making choices.SECTION 11.1. Company Overview Toyota Motor canThe Toyota Motor Company is one of the biggest car manufacturers in the globe. Toyota has established a reputation as both an engine producer and the manufacturer of luxury vehicles. While the organizations headquarters are compose situated in Japan, it has several manufacturing facilities all over the globe and sales departments in various nations where the vehicles are transported (Toyota Motor Corporation Global Site, 2010).Toyota has a distinct business structure and the manner it pursues the vehicle manufacturing with its effective forest standards which developed the industry. Toyotas just-in-time append-chain idea has turned into a standard for car companies all over the globe. The Toyota Production System (TPS) calls for the finish ed vehicle to be pulled through the doing system (Toyota Production System Global Site TPS, 2010).By concentrating on smaller manufacturing lots and generating only what clients need when they demand it, Toyota has established a versatility and responsiveness that keeps on becoming the guideline for the industry. Due to its tautness to consistent development, Toyota has obtained die-changeover and machine-set periods that are way ahead of its adjoins. Therefore its capability for responding immediately to new martplace developments makes TPS an effective system in the present geezerhood quickly developing world business setting. Toyota understands that it is necessary in guaranteeing musical note management and the provision of dependable products to clients (Liker, 2005).The primary advantage of Toyotas management information systems is their capability to merge their corporate objectives all over the world by utilizing their systems properly. For instance, Toyota connects to its clients in various sectors by utilizing various lucre establish web systems for various global regions (Hino, 2005). Even though there are many Internet sites and networks for each of the global continents, the management information systems all connect back to a global Internet site.1.2. MIS of ToyotaToyota world-wide Warehouse Management System (Toyota WMS)These management information systems offer effective management for stores of the wholly procedure from the period products are obtained, to entrepot and location control, to shipment. Individuals, products, and data are addressed, wastes are removed, and everyday enhancements are advocated. The Toyota WMS are tasked to offer an measurable function in generating comprehensive reports out of huge volumes of warehouse information that would other than be primarily considered as junk to decision makers. By analyzing these outputs warehouse management officers of Toyota can determine patterns and trends that would have s tayed invisible if the raw information were consulted in manual terms (Toyota large Warehouse Management System, 2010).JidokaIf any issue emerges at any point of the manufacturing process, Toyotas error identification system, or Jidoka, determines the problem and allows line workers to make the primary(prenominal) measures to resolve it immediately charge if that implies stopping the manufacturing process (Toyota Motor Corporation Global Site Jidoka, 2010). By determining the equipment where the problem initially happened, this management information system makes it more comfortable to determine the cause of the issue and stops defects from developing to the succeeding phases of production.1.2.3. Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD)The Toyota HSD is an innovation to a traditional gear transmission with an electromechanical transmission. Since a car engine provides power efficaciously only over a limited range of speeds, the crankshaft of the engine is normally connected to a geared transm ission by a compass that enables the person driving to vary the speed that can be produced by the engine to the speed necessary to make the car move (Miller, 2004).The confection of glorious vehicle design, effective brake systems, electrical energy storage and effective engine design provide the HSD enabled vehicle with critical talent benefits. The intense rivalry in the automobile industry with huge brainwave and exit expenses has resulted to Toyota in searching for a competitive advantage in their management information systems (Fujimoto, 2001). As the car industry has been affected by huge fuel and crude oil expenses, Toyota has come up with a computerized engine system that tracks engine efficiency and makes power utilization in the car as productive as it can be.1.2.4. AndonsToyota utilizes management information systems that employ visual controls to immediately convey the status of production. On the production area, for instance, management information systems help inf orm a worker with a single glance whether the station is operating properly, whether there is something wrong cosmos checked or whether the production has been halted. Management information systems also give critical data like which machine did not operate, the operator and the rattling time situations when it malfunctioned (Magee, 2007).1.2.5. PokaYokeToyota utilizes a variety of these affordable, highly dependable management information systems throughout its production process to stop defects. While computers of Toyota cannot establish business plans by themselves, they surely have helped the management in knowing the impacts of their plans, and aid in the process of effective decision-making (Morgan, 2006). The PokaYoke are tasked to convert information into data helpful for decision making.SECTION 2Application of MIS in Toyota2.1. MIS crosswise Departments2.1.1. OperationsThe operations of Toyota have been impacted by tremendous developments in technology. Because of this, m anufacturing operations in spite of appearance the company have significantly improved. For instance, vehicles and car separate are transported ahead of time, and this prevents large amounts of money from organism utilized for storing activities (Fujimoto, 2001).The Toyota all-around(prenominal) Warehouse Management System offers remedies for the organization concerning car and process structuring and planning for the smooth flow of operations. The Toyota Comprehensive Warehouse Management System help the organization with regard to the enhancement of the operational procedures (Toyota Comprehensive Warehouse Management System, 2010).The smooth flow of operations is well-behaved within Toyota through the Toyota Comprehensive Warehouse Management System, where the structuring of each car model and warehousing processes from the prototyping level to the production phase is attained in one structure (Shingo, 1989). This limits uncalled-for repetition of processes and the need for interfaces as data is secured in a alter system. Excellent coordination with suppliers offers great opportunities for more efficient product development with suppliers via the Internet.productiveness and efficiency in the operations within Toyota is pull throughed through the Model-mix structuring and the glorious planning aspects of this MIS. Model-mix structuring allows Toyota to enhance the operational procedures that are burning(prenominal) for the organization (Ineak, 2009). The gauzy planning options enable effective processing of assembly and parts of make-to-order kettle of fishs. consume gathers specialized production orders from Toyotas planning system. The orders include the car parts inborn to assemble each car some Toyota cars, for example, have plenty of components elaborate in the list. SAP generates the shipment schedules for each part to match Toyotas assembly-line procedures (SAP, 2007).Toyota delivers these luxuriant information and precise shipment schedu les to its suppliers. The significant suppliers obtain the information through electronic data interchange. Other providers log on to the Toyota online portal, where the company details the provisions to provide the updates on its shipment activities (Hino, 2005). By going to the website of Toyota, suppliers can monitor this information in real time, including release schedules, receipts, and other important information.When they deliver car parts, the suppliers send Toyota shipment details to give them with the a la mode(p) information in this matter. Car parts going inside the Toyota storage facilities are then obtained and delivered quickly to the line. There, Toyota uses its Jidoka to monitor the assembly process in real time. Jidoka tracks the production verification and consumption information consistently. Parts utilized in the production are removed from the stock list, and costs are presented to detail the value of work in process (Toyota Motor Corporation Global Site, Jid oka, 2010).Customer desires for various Toyota cars warranted a solution that would properly improve and help organize production. These MIS help the organization to reduce order-to shipment period, enhances its supply chain activities with regard to demand analysis and tracking of deliveries, and improves inventory activities all over its establishments enabling Toyota to significantly reduce time to customer for its excellent vehicles.2.1.2. FinanceIn 2003, Toyota started to implement SAP software system which also provides financial information to the pay department of the company and its concerned personnel. The people of the finance department of Toyota analyzes previous and current financial figures, anticipates future financial outputs, and checks and handles the utilization of capital over time by making use of the information generated by SAP (SAP, 2005).The SAP provides options that enable sales and price of cars through configuration and monitoring of available parts. V ehicle customization and pricing via the Internet enhanced car sales of Toyota by offering customers with the choice of intent their vehicles. Once the vehicle is designed, the SAP will determine the worth of the vehicles based on the design. Vehicle search enables Toyota to locate vehicles that address the specific designs, accomplishing red-hot delivery to customers (Hoseus, 2008).2.1.3. MarketingThe SAP helps the marketing operations of the organization with regard to product development, pricing activities, marketing, and sales forecasts. Just like other important company operations, Toyota relies on external sources of data. These sources entail the opinion or feedback of customers. (SAP, 2007)2.2. determination Making at the Three Tiers of Management2.2.1. Operational Level SystemsTo understand the operational level decision making within Toyota very wakeless and productive, the MIS of Toyota aids in providing and sending reliable information to all executors. The Toyota Comprehensive Warehouse Management System is established to enhance the reporting of information that will be important in the proper decision making within the operational level of Toyota. Furthermore, the SAP is able to effectively gather and process data, process results, and able to adjust, cope and address inaccuracies right away. (SAP, 2007)2.2.2. Management Level SystemsThe Toyota Comprehensive Warehouse Management System has effective interior controls that aid in the management level decision making tasks in Toyota. Information is collected through efficient processing and inner control tracking. An effective internal and outer audit process is utilized within Toyota through the MIS (Magee, 2007).2.2.3. Strategic Level SystemsTo have a productive and efficient strategic level decision making, important data within Toyota is touch on and handled properly through its Material Handling System. Differences in the way information is collected and documented can change informa tion and trend studies. Also, because data collection and documentation activities will eventually change through time, Toyota management has established flexible methods to allow systems developments through the MIS. These procedures are always well structured, properly informed to employees and has a tracking system that helps in the strategic level decision making of Toyota (Toyota Material Handling USA, 2010).2.3. Managing Business ProcessesThe integration of various MIS within Toyota is the effect of the integration of system management. The employees and leaders of the company are the users of the MIS who know the present customer demands and also have the condenser to plan the funds for new initiatives. In order to control its business procedures properly, Toyota has persevered in managing ownership that promotes effectiveness in its business processes and helps ensure being responsible. Even though the MIS does not reduce expense altogether, the integration of this all-im portant(a) system, and its properly utilization reduces the periods that wrong decisions in company procedures are accomplished because of inaccurate information (Morgan, 2006). Terrible company decisions simply misuse strange assets. This may result in a negative effect on revenues and/or budget.ConclusionThe MIS of Toyota has been proven to provide a great deal of advantages to its various business units. Toyota strives hard to keep discovering new methods to utilize their MIS to accomplish their business goals.While the management information systems of Toyota are totally helpful in producing statistical documents and information analysis they are also utilized as a tool where the leaders and employees of the company agree upon a set of goals for the employees to try to accomplish within a specific time frame. Goals are established utilizing the SMART standard that is, goals have to be Specific, Measurable, Attainable, existent and Time-Specific. The target of these goals is to offer a set of performance standards by which Toyota can compare the output of a worker or program. The effectiveness of any goal in Toyota relies upon the consistent monitoring of developments. In monitoring this performance it is tremendously helpful for Toyota to make use of its management information systems. Because all goals must be quantifiable they can be monitored through the establishment of management documents to be studied by the leaders of Toyota (Magee 2007).Each market dominant company will have a minimum of one major competency that is, a task or operation they do better than their rivals. In the case of Toyota, by establishing a formidable management information system it became possible for the company to move ahead of its rival companies. The MIS systems of Toyota offer the tools essential to obtain a better knowledge of the market as well as an improved knowledge of the company itself.The establishment of effective MIS in Toyota is the consequence of the imple mentation of an environment of system ownership. The owner is a system user who understands the present clients and their necessities and also has the capability to finance new programs. Establishing ownership builds confidence in corporate procedures and aids in guaranteeing responsibility. Even though the MIS of Toyota does not completely minimize costs, the establishment of important systems, and their effective usage, will reduce the chances that erratic choices will be done due to unreliable data.Only a management information system that is versatile and effective could undertake such activities economically possible. This management information system not only aids in removing waste, which makes it more loving to the environment, it also implies that clients can be guaranteed that Toyota cars will adhere to the best standards of quality, dependableness and innovation.

The Death Penalty Debate Essay -- Papers Capital Punishment Essays Pap

The Death Penalty DebateThe skip of the remnant penalty is widely disputed. So disputed that maybe I shouldnt have picked this topic. But nevertheless, the cobblers last penalty is an issue that require to be addressed. Should the death penalty be abolished from our criminal justice carcass? Well, that depends on whom you ask. If you ask me no. I personally dont see anything wrong with the death penalty because there are a lot of criminals that are just too dangerous to society and death is the only penalization they deserve.I know that it is in the eighth amendment that prohibits ferocious and unusual punishment, and I cant think of a greater punishment for a crime than death, but I hope that exceptions should be made.Despite U.S. Supreme Court rulings to the contrary, many death penalty opponents have capital punishment in and of itself to be cruel and unusual. They believe the death penalty to be a barbarous practice that should be discarded. ad hoc methods of execution also frequently come under attack as violating the Eighth Amendment. Death penalty advocates counter that the framers of the Constitution took capital punishment for granted, and did not consider it cruel and unusual. Some proponents of the death penalty believe some methods of execution, such as lethal injection, are more pitying than new(prenominal)s. (http//ethics.acusd.edu/death_penalty.html)From 1930, the first year for which statistics are readily available from the Bureau of nicety Statistics, to 1967, 3,859 persons were executed. During this period, over half (54%) of those executed were black, 45 % were white, and the remaining 1% were members of other racial groups -- American Indians (19), Filipino (13), Chinese (8), and Japanese (2). The vast ... ...ht wanton all the violent offenders think twice before they commit the crime. workings CitedDeath Penalty Debate. (http//www.uaa.alaska.edu/just/death/), Online, March 2000.-Gives information on the states that have rein stated capital punishment into their justice system and gives a leaning of the 12 states that still do not have the death penalty.Pollitt, Katha The Nation, bleak York Mar 6, 2000 Vol. 270, Iss. 9 pg. 10, 1 pgs, EBSCOhost March 2000 -Gives a detailed both sided argument on the death penalty and argues how it costs more to home an immate for life in prison.Punishment And The Death Penalty. (http//www.ethics.acused.edu/death_penalty.html), Online, March 2000.- Gives statistical facts on the history of the death penalty.Sullum, Jacob Reason, Los Angeles Mar 2000 Vol. 31, iss. 10, pg. 14, 1 pgs, EBSCOhost March 2000

International Relations Essay -- Political Science

Introduction At the end of WWII in 1945, Western europium and arguably the entire world looked to the United States for a recovery plan. slap-up Britain was loosing control over its colonies, France and Germany had been destroyed by the war, and the Soviet Union was gaining spot. This order the United States in a position of power, the question that arises with this is, does the United States raise to gain control as the hegemonic power in the international system of rules? Is there a real necessity in the region of the snapper due east to gain the hegemonic power in terms of U.S national invade/security? outside(a) Relation realists would say of course there is. deep down the discipline of International Relations there argon several paradigms and theories, star of the most enduring paradigms is realism. Realist believe that states are self- interested, power-seeking rational actors, who seek to maximise their security and chances of survival cooperation between states p eck be explained as operable in order to maximize each individual states security. I think that this is right because if a state does not go along its sovereignty and express its power in a visible manor house other states will attempt to gain control over it it would be the pre-colonial period all over again. This brings us back to the post WWII era- where states are fighting for their sovereignty and the United States has the opportunity to become the hegemonic power. Becoming the hegemonic power would involve having influence in several strategic regions of the world, one of the most important, and arguably the most important outside of Western Europe, the mall East. remote Policy toward the Middle East pre-WWII was mostly dealing with Great Britain, post-WWII it can be at... ...p//www.jstor.org/stable/1949949Kupchan, Charles. The Persian Gulf and the West the Dilemmas of Security. Boston Allen & Unwin, 1987Lesch, David W.ed. The Middle East and The United States. Boulder, CO Westview Press, 2007 Ovendale, Ritchie. Britain, the United States, and the Transfer of Power in the Middle East, 1945-1962 NY Leicester University Press Seabury, Peter. The League of Arab States Debacle of Regional Arrangement International Organization 3, No. 4 (Nov. 1949) http//www.jstor.org/stable/2703618Sluglett, Peter The Pan-Arab Movement and the specify of Cairo and Moscow, in A Revolutionary Year The Middle East in 1958, ed. Roger Louis and Roger Owen . New York I.B. Tauris, Publishers, 2002Spiegel, Steven. Neighborhood Watch, Democracy A Journal of Ideas 4 (2007)http//www.democracyjournal.org/article.php?ID=6520

The Importance of Ideas in The Tempest Essay -- Tempest essays

The importance of Ideas in The Tempest Shakespeares play, The Tempest, is constructed on a framework of ideas rather than on any dramatic principle. It is ideas that are presented throughout, and the play is built around the demonstration of these themes -- themes such as the argument over whether nature is superior to put up or vice versa (as in the cocktail dress of Caliban and Antonio, the first being nonpareil on whom all efforts at nurture can never scramble due to the inherent baseness of his nature, the second being one whom incomplete nature nor nurture has availed to deter him from consciously choosing evil), the moral duties of the sovereign (in the case of Prospero and Alonso, both of whom do to go through physical or randy distress because of their negligence, in one way or another, or these duties), the transiency of all material things (as in Prosperos speech following the masque), the rights of the colonialist and whether he is exploiting or educating the n atives (in the case of Prospero and Caliban), the argument over whether enlightened polish is superior to the earthy man or otherwise, and the importance of retaining social hierarchy. It is also, to a certain extent, not inaccurate to suggest that the characters, or at least the important ones, have a symbolic function. Prospero does symbolize Art and enlightened civilization, Caliban Nature and the primitive, ungoverned succumbing to instinctual, sometimes base, urges that results from the lack of civilization, Ferdinand and Miranda the purity and virtue of noble birth, nearly of the court party (Antonio, Alonso, Sebastian on a different level, Stephano and Trinculo) the imperfection of civilization in the form of ... ...nd Political Thought. A attach to to Shakespeare. Ed. David Scott Kastan. Massachusetts Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 1999. 100-116. Gervinus, G.G. A freshen up of The Tempest. Shakespeare Commentaries. (1877)787-800. Rpt. Scott. 304-307. More, Sir Thomas . Utopia. The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Vol 1. Ed. David Damrosch. New York Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 1999. 637-706. Platt, Peter. Shakespeare and Rhetorical Culture. A Companion to Shakespeare. Ed. David Scott Kastan. Massachusetts Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 1999. 277-296. Sacks, David Harris. Political Culture. A Companion to Shakespeare. Ed. David Scott Kastan. Massachusetts Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 1999. 100-116. Snider, Denton J. A review of The Tempest. The Shakespearian Drama a Commentary The Comedies. (1890). Rpt. Scott. 320-324.

The Old Man and the Sea :: essays research papers

The book The Old Man and the Sea was written by Heming federal agency in 1951. Just as Hemingway himself verbalize, the work is the best one he ever wrote in his life. The book was so successful that it enabled Hemingway to win the Nobel appraise for Literature in 1954.The story of is quite simple an Cuban fisher small-arm at long last fished a really big marlin after eighty foursome days taking no fish, but the fish was too big, the oldish man spent three days conquering the marlin. However, on his way home, he and the big fish were attacked by a lot of sharks. At last, when he came back, totally the head, tail and vertebra of the fish remained.I was really travel after reading the book. I regarded the old man as a hero. aft(prenominal) eight four days taking no fish, he decided to go farther on the eighty-fifth day. When meeting a big marlin, though he knew the fish was much more sizable than he was, he still determined to fight it unless he died. Because he thought he w as born a fisherman. He won, for he finally killed the fish. Just as he said Every day is a new day. It is better to be lucky. But I would rather be exact. Then when luck comes you be ready. The old man had been ready very well. He had caught the chance.However, Every day is a new day, a pack of sharks broke all his hope. He never gave up, he fought with the sharks unconstipated after loosing his tools. This proved his bravery again, Man is not made for defeat. A man can be destroyed but not defeated. After the first shark took away about forty pounds of the fish, the old man said like that. I thought it also showed the topic import of the book. The old man really gave me a vivid lesson, not only by his heroic behaviors, but by his simple words. Isnt it the emplacement we should take forwards our lives?The old man is also very optimist at the same time. After the first sharks attack, he said to himself Think about something cheerful, old man. Every minute now you are closer to h ome. You sail lighter for the loss of forty pounds. Other than complain about the unfortunate things happened to him, the old man encouraged himself and used an optimist situation to comfort himself.

Drugs And Welfare Essay -- essays research papers

A current issue that is going on today is well-being recipients that are medicate abusers. Welfare is supposed to meet the basic needs. Drugs expect far from one of the basic human needs to me. If the recipient gets all(prenominal) the benefits from the programs they will more than likely turn around and sell their feed stamps for their fix rather than go to the store and get their family some food. Drugs as well go hand and hand with family problems, violence, and crime. It is estimated that between 50% and 80% of Family-Based work involve medicate and alcohol abuse. So why not medicate test the recipients before a person can get dose-addicted for services?Drug abuse, of course, is not modernistic to any culture. Drugs have been a part of American culture, their popularity increased in the 1950s, when writers and social figures started popularizing them. In the 1960s, drug use took on a whole new meaning. It became a mode of rebelling, particularly among college studen ts who were disenchanted with Americas values and the war in Vietnam, which they viewed as a senseless conflict. The popularity that drugs achieved in these days two decades paved the way for their knockout and widespread use in the 1980s. The 1980s saw the drug patience grow bigger and more deadly - both for users and for dealers. The emergence of new and relatively cheap drugs has also helped encourage drug use, especially among the urban poor.One way of cutting down on the number of drug abusers on the welfare system is to do a mandatory drug ...

Assisted Reproductive Technology Essay -- Infertility Medicine Papers

Assisted Reproductive Technology The bet of reproduction is vital in sustaining the existence of any living creature. In fact, anthropologist Dr. Helen Fisher cites in her book Anatomy of Love that the most innate thing the human animal does is reproduce (Rutter, 1996). It is survival of the species reproduce or die out. In the human race, it is not a problem of extinction, still of conforming to social expectations. Fisher notes that men feel the pressure to represent the seed and women feel that motherhood is the sole factor of femaleness, man others feel that it is just an issue of humanitys need to control nature (Rutter, 1996). Granted, these argon the opinions of only a few individuals, yet the topic of procreation is plain a very important issue between marriage partners. exactly what happens when one cannot reproduce? An estimated one out of every six couples in the United Sates has difficulty conceiving a child (Rogers, 1988). Fifty years ago, these sterilised partner s had only three options continue trying to have a indulge through natural sexual intercourse, adopt a child, or but remain barren. However, recent developments in reproductive technologies have created many option methods for conception. Assisted reproductive technologies caught on quickly, and in 1995 three million American couples sought procreative help (Rutter, 1996). Along with the emergence of any stark naked technology comes ethical and legal issues which must be considered, especially in Christian settings. However, it is possible that assisted reproductive technologies can be a realistic and ethical option for infertile couples, without compromising the covenants of the faith community. Definitions In order to understand the issues t... ...496. Lockwood, M. (1985). (Ed). Moral dilemmas in modern euphony. Oxford Oxford University Press. Nelson, J. B. (1973). Human medicine ethical perspectives on new medical issues. Minneapolis Augsburg Publishing House. Neuberger, J. A. (1988, April 22). Tug of whap troubles. Nursing Times, 22. Rogers, J. R. (Ed). (1988). Medical ethics-human choices. Scottdale, PA Herald Press. Rutter, V. T. (1996, March-April). Who stole fertility? psychological science Today, pp. 46-49. Snyder, G. F. (1988). Tough choices. Elgin, IL Brethren Press. Thomasma, D. C. & Kushman, T. (Eds). (1996). Birth to death. New York Cambridge University Press. Weltman, J. J. (1997). Points to consider on the proceeds of surrogacy. Online. The American Surrogacy Center, Inc. Available http//www.surrogacy.com/legals/articles/points.html (1997, October 23).